(1)Proteome analysis mirrored反映 these genomic patterns, revealing similar traits. The collective annotations suggest adaptations to life in space, including the management of hypoosmotic低渗的stress related to microgravity微重力 via mechanosensitive 机械敏感性的channel proteins, increased DNA repair activity to counteract heightened radiation exposure, and the presence of mobile genetic elements enhancing metabolism.

括通过机械敏感通道蛋白管理与微重力有关的低渗压力，增加DNA修复活性以抵消辐射暴露的增加，以及增强新陈代谢的可移动遗传元素的存在

Abstract

Background

（1）The extreme environment of the International Space Station (ISS) puts selective pressure on microorganisms unintentionally无意中 introduced during its 20+ years of service as a low-orbit science platform and human habitat. Such pressure leads to the development of new features not found in the Earth-bound relatives, which enable them to adapt to unfavorable conditions. 国际空间站的极端环境对在其作为低轨道科学平台和人类栖息地的20多年服务中无意引入的微生物施加了选择性压力。这种压力导致了在地球上的亲属中没有发现的新特征的发展，这使他们能够适应不利的条件。

Results

（2）In this study, we generated the functional annotation of the genomes of five newly identified species of Gram-positive bacteria, four of which are non-spore-forming and one spore-forming, all isolated from the ISS. 在这项研究中，我们生成了五种新鉴定的革兰氏阳性菌的基因组的功能注释，其中四种不形成孢子，一种形成孢子，都是从ISS中分离的。

（3）Using a deep-learning based tool—deepFRI—we were able to functionally annotate close to 100% of protein-coding genes in all studied species, overcoming other annotation tools. y.使用基于深度学习的工具——deepFRI——我们能够对所有研究物种中接近100%的蛋白质编码基因进行功能注释，克服了其他注释工具。

（4）Our comparative genomic analysis highlights common characteristics across all five species and specific genetic traits that appear unique to these ISS microorganisms. 我们的比较基因组分析突出了所有五个物种的共同特征和这些ISS微生物特有的特定遗传特征。

（5）Proteome analysis mirrored 反映 these genomic patterns, revealing similar traits. The collective annotations suggest adaptations to life in space, including the management of hypoosmotic stress related to microgravity via mechanosensitive channel proteins, increased DNA repair activity to counteract heightened radiation exposure, and the presence of mobile genetic elements enhancing metabolism.蛋白质组分析反映了这些基因组模式，揭示了相似的特征。集体注释表明了对空间生活的适应，包括通过机械敏感通道蛋白管理与微重力有关的低渗压力，增加DNA修复活性以抵消辐射暴露的增加，以及增强新陈代谢的可移动遗传元素的存在。

（6）In addition, our findings suggest the evolution of certain genetic traits indicative of potential pathogenic capabilities, such as small molecule and peptide synthesis and ATP-dependent transporters. These traits, exclusive to 专用于the ISS microorganisms, further substantiate previous reports explaining why microbes exposed to space conditions demonstrate enhanced antibiotic resistance and pathogenicit此外，我们的发现表明某些遗传特征的进化预示着潜在的致病能力，如小分子和肽的合成以及ATP依赖的转运蛋白。这些特征是国际空间站微生物独有的，进一步证实了以前的报告，这些报告解释了为什么暴露在空间条件下的微生物表现出增强的抗生素抗性和致病性。

Conclusion

（7）Our findings indicate that the microorganisms isolated from ISS we studied have adapted to life in space. Evidence such as mechanosensitive channel proteins, increased DNA repair activity, as well as metallopeptidases and novel S-layer oxidoreductases suggest a convergent adaptation趋同适应among these diverse microorganisms, potentially complementing one another within the context of the microbiome. The common genes that facilitate adaptation to the ISS environment may enable bioproduction of essentialbiomolecules生物分子 need during future space missions, or serve as potential drug targets, if these microorganisms pose health risks. 我们的发现表明，我们研究的从国际空间站分离的微生物已经适应了太空生活。机械敏感通道蛋白、增强的DNA修复活性以及金属肽酶和新的表层氧化还原酶等证据表明，这些不同的微生物之间存在趋同适应，在微生物组的背景下可能相互补充。有助于适应国际空间站环境的共同基因可能有助于生物生产未来空间任务所需的基本生物分子，或者作为潜在的药物靶标，如果这些微生物造成健康风险的话

unintentionally 无意中

Proteome analysis mirrored 反映 these genomic patterns, revealing similar traits

biomolecules生物分子

These traits, exclusive to 专用于 the ISS microorganisms,