Title:
2024_10_25 Science上最新发表，水熊虫怎样耐受极端辐射环境
Take home message:
机理主要是：首先，DOPA(二羟基苯丙氨酸)双加氧酶基因DODA1的水平转移；无序蛋白disordered protein, TRID1修复DNA；两种线粒体呼吸链复合物装配蛋白BC S1[泛醌-细胞色素c还原酶(bc1)合成]和NDUFB8 [NADH脱氢酶(泛醌)1β亚复合物亚单位8]明显上调，然后累积以加速NAD+(烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸)再生，用于聚(腺苷二磷酸-核糖基)化(par yling)和随后的par P1[聚(腺苷二磷酸-核糖)聚合酶1]–介导的DNA损伤修复.
Main:
Editor’s summary
（1）Tardigrades are small invertebrates renowned 著名的for their resistance to harsh environmental conditions, including ionizing radiation that would kill many organisms. Li et al. now describe a previously unknown species of tardigrade, Hypsibius henanensis, and investigate how these organisms respond to radiation treatment using genome, transcriptome, and proteome analyses. 缓步动物是小型无脊椎动物，以其对恶劣环境条件的抵抗力而闻名，包括会杀死许多有机体的电离辐射。李等人现在描述了一种以前未知的缓步动物水熊虫，并利用基因组、转录组和蛋白质组分析研究了这些生物对辐射处理的反应。
（2）The mechanisms include induction of biosynthesis of betalain pigments and up-regulation of both tardigrade-specific and more widely distributed pathways for stress response and DNA damage repair.其机制包括诱导甜菜色素的生物合成，上调缓步动物特异性和更广泛分布的应激反应和DNA损伤修复途径。
INTRODUCTION
（1）Tardigrades, commonly known as water bears, are small ecdysozoans renowned for their tolerance to extreme environments, including ultrahigh radiation. They exhibit exceptional resistance to ionizing radiation, withstanding doses as high as 3000 to 5000 grays (Gy) of gamma rays, which is ∼1000 times the lethal dose for humans. The mechanism of radiotolerance in tardigrades remains largely unclear. 缓步动物，通常被称为水熊，是一种小型蜕皮动物，以其对极端环境的耐受性而闻名，包括超高辐射。它们对电离辐射表现出非凡的抵抗力，能够承受高达3000至5000格雷(Gy)的伽马射线剂量，这是人类致死剂量的1000倍。缓步动物耐辐射的机制仍不清楚。
（2）A multi-omics data mining strategy holds immense potential for unraveling the mechanisms of extreme environmental tolerance in tardigrades. By integrating genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, we decipher the genome-wide landscape of antiradiation response. 多组学数据挖掘策略对于揭示缓步动物极端环境耐受性的机制具有巨大的潜力。通过整合基因组学、转录组学和蛋白质组学，我们破译了抗辐射反应的全基因组图景。
（3）After differential analysis and screening of key molecules, we used biochemical and cellular methodologies to validate their functional roles and delve into the underlying molecular mechanisms.在对关键分子进行差异分析和筛选后，我们使用生物化学和细胞方法来验证它们的功能作用，并深入研究潜在的分子机制
（4）We obtained a well-annotated chromosome-level genome of a radiotolerant species, Hypsibius henanensis sp. nov., newly identified in this study. Through differential analysis of transcriptome and proteome after heavy ion radiation, we identified 2801 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). On the basis of evolutionary and functional analyses of these DEGs, we characterized the radiotolerance mechanisms from three different perspectives: 我们获得了一个很好的注释染色体水平的耐辐射物种的基因组。11月，这项研究中新发现的。通过重离子辐射后转录组和蛋白质组的差异分析，我们鉴定了2801个差异表达基因。在对这些基因进行进化和功能分析的基础上，我们从三个不同的角度描述了耐辐射机制:
（5）First, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) may be an important evolutionary event that substantially contributes to the development of tardigrades’ ultrahigh radiation resistance. We identified a DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) dioxygenase gene, DODA1, that we propose is a product of HGT from bacteria to tardigrades. DODA1 is responsive to radiation and confers radiation resistance through biosynthesis of betalains, a kind of pigment that exists mainly in plants, a few fungi, and bacteria. 首先，水平基因转移(HGT)可能是一个重要的进化事件，它在很大程度上促进了缓步动物超高辐射抗性的发展。我们鉴定了DOPA(二羟基苯丙氨酸)双加氧酶基因DODA1，我们认为它是细菌到缓步动物HGT的产物。DODA1对辐射有反应，并通过甜菜色素的生物合成赋予抗辐射能力，甜菜色素是一种主要存在于植物、少数真菌和细菌中的色素。
（6）Next, we found that a tardigrade-specific radiation-induced disordered protein, TRID1, accelerates DNA damage repair by means of a process that encompasses phase separation.接下来，我们发现一种缓步特异性辐射诱导的无序蛋白TRID1通过包含相分离的过程加速DNA损伤修复。
（7）Lastly, non-tardigrade-specific genes also contribute to the tardigrades’ radiotolerance. We found that two mitochondrial线粒体 respiratory chain complex assembly proteins两种线粒体呼吸链复合物组装蛋白, BCS1 [ubiquinol–cytochrome c reductase (bc1) synthesis] and NDUFB8 [NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8], are pronouncedly up-regulated and then accumulate to accelerate NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) regeneration再生 for poly(adenosine diphosphate–ribosyl)ation (PARylation) and subsequent PARP1 [poly(adenosine diphosphate–ribose) polymerase 1]–mediated DNA damage repair.最后，非缓步动物特异性基因也有助于缓步动物的耐辐射性。我们发现两种线粒体呼吸链复合物装配蛋白BC S1[泛醌-细胞色素c还原酶(bc1)合成]和NDUFB8 [NADH脱氢酶(泛醌)1β亚复合物亚单位8]明显上调，然后累积以加速NAD+(烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸)再生，用于聚(腺苷二磷酸-核糖基)化(par yling)和随后的par P1[聚(腺苷二磷酸-核糖)聚合酶1]–介导的DNA损伤修复。
Words:
Tardigrades 爬行动物
invertebrates无脊椎动物
renowned 著名的
betalain pigments甜菜碱颜料
delve into the underlying molecular mechanisms
encompasses phase separation 接下来.
accelerate NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) regeneration再生